Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
The human immunodeficiency virus, also known as HIV, is a virus that targets vital cells of the immune system. By damaging the immune system, HIV interferes with the body's ability to fight other infections or disease. Once a patient's immune system cell count drops to critical level, the person is considered to have Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. It is estimated that there are more than one million people infected with HIV or AIDS living in the United States, with at least 18 percent of them not recognizing they have the infection.
HIV is a slow growing virus that is spread through the transfer of bodily fluids such as semen, blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk. HIV is often caused by unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sexual relations, a tainted blood transfusion, or the sharing of needles used for injected drug use. Pregnant women with HIV can spread the virus to their child through delivery and breastfeeding.
When first infected, some people experience no symptoms at all. However, some people may initially develop flu-like symptoms that may include fever, sore throat, diarrhea, swollen glands and a rash. After this first stage of symptoms, people may experience no symptoms at all for up to ten years. At this time, people may not know they are infected with HIV and pass it on to others.
HIV Testing
HIV testing is recommended for anyone who is sexually active, especially for those with other sexually transmitted diseases or with an increased risk of developing HIV. Pregnant women are routinely tested for HIV along with other prenatal tests. With regular testing, the detection of HIV in its earliest stages can make treatment more effective. Testing involves blood tests that measure the immune system's antibodies and any HIV antigens.
HIV Treatment
While there is no cure for this infection, there are several effective medications to slow the progression of the disease and strengthen the immune system. There are more than 30 government approved antiretroviral drugs available to treat HIV/AIDS. These drugs do not cure the disease, but they do allow patients with HIV/AIDS to live a longer and healthier life. Most patients are treated with a combination of antiretroviral medications.
HIV Prevention
The primary means through which HIV spreads is through sexual intercourse and various sexual acts. Therefore, the most effective method of prevention is abstinence. For those who are sexually active, condoms used every time for sex, is the most effective prevention. Using a clean and brand-new needles for tattoos or intravenous drug use can help to reduce the spread of the disease. Women who may become pregnant or are considering pregnancy should always seek testing and counseling if there is any risk of an HIV infection. Those who test positive may be advised not to breast feed, and may also be given drugs to prevent infecting their baby.
Regular testing and open communication can help prevent the spread of infection. Testing and early diagnosis of HIV gives patients more options for treatment of the disease.